INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CATENATION :
It is the ability of carbon atom to attach other carbon atoms and form long chains of carbon atomCLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
Organic compound can be classified on to different basis
*on the basis of carbon chains
ON THE BASIS OF CARBON ATOMS:
There are following types of organic compound on the basis of carbon chain which are further divided into sub branchesACYCLIC ORGANIC COMPOUND:
A type of organic compound in which carbon atom attach together tom form an open chain of carbon atom is called Acyclic organic compound.These compounds are called "Aliphatic Compounds"
There are following types of aliphatic organic compounds
*Saturated organic compound
*Unsaturated organic compound
SATURATED ORGANIC COMPOUND:
*The compound in which all four valencies of carbon atom are satisfied by 4 atoms are called saturated organic compound
*They form only single covalent bond
*They are less reactive compounds
*They give substitution reaction { C2H6 + Cl2 -------- C2H5Cl + HCl }
*They don't decolourized KMnO4 solution
*UNSATURATED ORGANIC COMPOUND:
*The compounds on which four valencies of carbon atom are satisfied by Less than 4 atoms are called unsaturated organic compound
*They form single as well as double or triple covalent bonds
*They are reactive compounds
*They give addition reaction {C2H4 + Cl2 ---------- C2H4Cl2 }
*They decolourized KMnO4 solution
ALKANE:
Alkanes are saturated aliphatic organic compounds having general formula (CnH2n+2) where "n" is number of carbon atoms.Due to presence of strong sigma bond alkanes are chemically less reactive and also called "paraffins" (less ability to combine with other atom).Alkanes are hydrocarbons
*C1 = meth
*C2 = eth
*C3 = prop
*C4 = but
*C5 = pent
*C6 = hex
*C7 = hept
*C8 = oct
*C9 = non
*C10 = dec
EXAMPLES
CH4 = Methane }
C2H6 = Ethane } general formula CnH2n+2
C3H8 = Propane }
ALKENE:
Alkenes are unsaturated aliphatic organic compounds. Their general formula (CnH2n) where "n" is a number of atom.In alkenes carbon atom forms atleast one double bond.They are reactive compounds.Alkenes are also called " oleffins" (like oil) because initial members of alkenes family when react with helogens form "oil" like compounds
*n = C2H4 = ethene
*n = C3H6 = propene
*n = C4H8 = butene
*n = C5H10 = pentene
*n = C6H12 = hexene
*n = C7H14 = heptene
*n = C8H16 = octene
*n = C9H18 = nonene
*n = C10H20 = decene
ALKYNE:
Alkynes are unsaturated aliphatic organic compound their general formula is (CnH2n-2) where "n" is a number of carbon atom. In alkynes carbon atom formed atleast one tripple bond. Alkynes are reactive compound and also known as "hydrocarbons".
*n = C2H2 = ethyne
*n = C3H4 = propyne
*n = C4H6 = butyne
*n = C5H8 = pentyne
*n = C6H10 = hexyne
*n = C7H12 = heptyne
*n = C8H14 = octyne
*n = C9H16 = nonyne
*n = C10H18 = decyne
ALKYL GROUP:
A group of hydrocarbon which contain one hydrogen atom less than an alkane is called alkyl group or alkyl radicals.Its general formula is (CnH2n+1).It is also represented by "-R"
CnH2n+1 for n=1
*CH3 = methyl
*C2H5 = ethyl
*C3H7 = propyl
*C4H9 = butyl
*NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANE IN IUPAC SYSTEM:
*RULES:
1) Select the longest chain of carbon atom.
2) Number the longest chain.Numbering is started from the end nearest branch.
3) First write the name of branch for alkyl group and also mention its position.
4) Finally write the name of longest chain as alkanes on the basis of carbon atoms.
n-alkyl alkanes
*n = position of branch.
*alkyl = name of branch.
*alkanes = name of longest chain.
*FIRST ADDITIONAL RULE OF ALKANES.
If two or more same branches attach to longest chain we will use prefix "di","tri","tetra"etc for them and position of branch mention separately.
*SECOND ADDITIONAL RULES.
If two different branches have same position from opposite end,numbering will be started from the end nearest to branch which have less numbers of carbon atoms.
*NOMENCLATURES OF ALKENES IN IUPAC SYSTEM:.
*RULES.
1) Select the longest chain of carbon atom which have both the carbons which are attached with "double bond".
2) Numbering will be started from the end nearest to double bond.
3) First write the name of branch.
4) Finally write the name of longest chain as alkenes on the basis of number of carbon atoms and also write the position of "double bond"
n-alkyl-n'-alkenes
*n = position of branch.
*alkyl = name of branch
*n' = position of double bond.
*alkenes = name of longest chain.
*NOMENCLATURES OF ALKYNES IN IUPAC SYSTEM:
*RULES.
1) Select the longest chain of carbon atom which have both the carbons which are attached with "triple bond".
2) Numbering will be started from the end nearest to triple bond.
3) First write the name of branch.
4) Finally write the name of longest chain as alkynes on the basis of number of carbon atoms and also write the position of of "triple bond"
n-alkyl-n'-alkyne
*n = position of branch.
*alkyl = name of branch
*n = position of triple bond.
*alkyne = name of longest chain.
*NAME OF LONGEST CHAIN IN PRESENCE OF BOTH DOUBLE AND TRIPLE BONDS:
n-alkene-n'-yne
*n = position of double bonds
*n' = position of triple bonds
*CASE # 1
If double and triple both bonds are present in longest chain , numbering is started from the end of any bond.
*CASE# 2
If double and triple both bonds have same positions from the opposite ends, numbering is started from the end nearest to "double bond".
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